map invoke failed: JS Error: TypeError: this.fieldname has no properties

fieldname in this case is a field that does not exist in all of the documents.

To prevent this error, you can pass the optional query parameter to the command to make sure that only documents with this field are queried. For example, in PHP, add the following to the command operation:

$db->command(
    'mapreduce' => 'collection',
    'map'       => $map,
    'reduce'    => $reduce,
    'out'       => array( 'inline' => 1 ),
    'query'     => array( "fieldname" => array( '$exists' => true, ) )
);

This makes sure that MapReduce operations are only run on a subset of the collection.

Introduction

MongoDB is a document-orientated database written with scalability and high-performance in mind. It is one of a growing number of NoSQL systems – a database that does not rely on SQL or relational theory at all.

Getting a MongoDB server working with PHP on Mac OS X is relatively straightforward, and this tutorial shows you how.

Installing the MongoDB Server

The first step requires you to download and install the actual MongoDB system. The example shown below downloads v2.0.0 64 bit binaries for OS X. For other binaries, please check out the MongoDB Downloads page.

cd /tmp
curl -O http://fastdl.mongodb.org/osx/mongodb-osx-x86_64-2.0.0.tgz
tar zxvf mongodb-osx-x86_64-2.0.0.tgz
sudo mv mongodb-osx-x86_64-2.0.0 /usr/local/mongodb
mkdir /usr/local/mongodb/data

Configuring the MongoDB server

We need to create a small configuration file so that MongoDB knows where its data files reside. Create the file /usr/local/mongodb/mongod.conf and add the following line:

dbpath = /usr/local/mongodb/data

Starting MongoDB

To manually start the MongoDB server, use the following command:

/usr/local/mongodb/bin/mongod --config /usr/local/mongodb/mongod.conf

This will start the server and will by default log all output to STDOUT.

Installing the MongoDB PHP Extension

Installing the PHP extension is simple:

sudo pecl install mongo

Once this has completed, add the following line to your /etc/php.ini file:

extension=mongo.so

Restart apache using sudo apachectl restart, and the extension should be available. This can be verified with the phpinfo call:

Example PHP script

To test your setup, the following simple script can be used to create a new collection and add two new records:

    <?php

    // connect
    $m = new Mongo();

    // select a database
    $db = $m->comedy;

    // select a collection (analogous to a relational database's table)
    $collection = $db->cartoons;

    // add a record
    $obj = array( "title" => "Calvin and Hobbes", "author" => "Bill Watterson" );
    $collection->insert($obj);

    // add another record, with a different "shape"
    $obj = array( "title" => "XKCD", "online" => true );
    $collection->insert($obj);

    // find everything in the collection
    $cursor = $collection->find();

    // iterate through the results
    foreach ($cursor as $obj) {
        echo $obj["title"] . "\n";
    }

    ?>

The script should output the following:

Calvin and Hobbes
XKCD

And that’s it! You now have a working MongoDB setup on Mac OS X.

For more information on the PHP extension for MongoDB, please see the following pages in the PHP Manual:

PHP: Mongo – Manual

Thankfully, it is becoming simpler to install PHP extensions than with previous versions of OS X.

Xcode

The Xcode package installs the necessary versions of tools like autoconf which is needed during the PHP extension compilation process. Make sure you have at least Xcode v4.1 installed; the install package (“Install Xcode”) is available in your “Applications” folder.

libmcrypt

libmcrypt is the library that provides the encryption functions. We need to install this before building the PHP extension.

• Open up Terminal.app
• Download libmcrypt from sourceforge
• Unpack the archive somewhere
• cd libmcrypt
• ./configure
• make
• sudo make install

PHP Extension

Once we have libmcrypt installed, we can build the PHP extension.

• Download PHP 5.3.6 source
• Unpack the archive and cd php-5.3.6/ext/mcrypt/
• phpize

You should see output similar to the following:

Configuring for:
PHP Api Version:         20090626
Zend Module Api No:      20090626
Zend Extension Api No:   220090626

• ./configure
• make
• sudo make install

On successful install, you will see the following message:

Installing shared extensions:     /usr/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20090626/

To enable the module, include the following line in your /etc/php.ini file:

extension = mcrypt.so

Finally, restart your Apache server:

sudo apachectl restart

And that’s it: you should now be able to utilise the functions, as detailed in the PHP mcrypt documentation.

A couple of points that I noticed post-install. Firstly, my existing /etc/php.ini file was moved to /etc/php.ini-5.2-previous. Restoring this was trivial:

sudo cp /etc/php.ini-5.2-previous /etc/php.ini


However, I noticed that extensions previously installed under /usr/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20090626/ had been removed. So, if you have extensions that you wish to still use with 5.3, they will need to be re-built.

I also noticed that Apple have included the Suhosin patch and extension. Suhosin is part of the Hardened-PHP project which aims to protect PHP applications against buffer-overflow and format string vulnerabilities. In theory, this functionality should be transparent to your application – no configuration or code changes are required.

Please note: The following instructions apply to Mac OS X 10.6 (Snow Leopard). I have an updated guide for how to install mcrypt on 10.7 (Lion).

mcrypt is a useful extension to PHP if you would like to support a wide range of encryption algorithms within your code.

This guide explains how you can enable install mcrypt, along with the PHP extension, on Mac OS X 10.6.

Xcode

The Xcode package installs the necessary versions of tools like autoconf which is needed during the PHP extension compilation process. Make sure you have at least Xcode v3.2 installed; the install package is available on the Snow Leopard install DVD under the “Optional Installs” folder.

libmcrypt

libmcrypt is the library that provides the encryption functions. We need to install this before building the PHP extension.

• Open up Terminal.app
• export CFLAGS="-arch x86_64"
• Download libmcrypt from sourceforge
• Unpack the archive somewhere
• cd libmcrypt
• ./configure --disable-shared
• make
• sudo make install

PHP Extension

Once we have libmcrypt installed, we can build the PHP extension.

• Download PHP 5.3.4 source (tar gz format)
• Unpack the archive and cd php-5.3.4/ext/mcrypt/
• phpize

You should see output similar to the following:

Configuring for:
PHP Api Version:         20090626
Zend Module Api No:      20090626
Zend Extension Api No:   220090626

• ./configure
• make
• sudo make install

On successful install, you will see the following message:

Installing shared extensions:     /usr/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20090626/

To enable the module, include the following line in your /etc/php.ini file:

extension = mcrypt.so

Finally, restart your Apache server:

sudo apachectl restart

And that’s it: you should now be able to utilise the functions, as detailed in the PHP mcrypt documentation.

https://github.com/glenscott/url-normalizer

Specifically, the following normalization steps are performed:

1. Normalize case
2. Decode unreserved characters
3. Remove dot segments

An example of use:

require_once 'URLNormalizer.php';

$url = 'eXAMPLE://a/./b/../b/%63/%7bfoo%7d';
$un = new URLNormalizer();
$un->setUrl( $url );
echo $un->normalize();

// result: "example://a/b/c/%7Bfoo%7D"

memcached is a very useful memory object caching system, which can be used to increase the performance of your dynamic scripts by caching database calls.

This guide will explain how to install the memcached system, including the PHP extension, on Mac OS X 10.6.

Xcode

The Xcode package installs the necessary versions of tools like autoconf which is needed during the PHP extension compilation process. Make sure you have Xcode 3.2 installed; the install package is available on the Snow Leopard install DVD under the “Optional Installs” folder.

libevent

libevent is a pre-requisite for memcached.

• cd /tmp; curl -O http://www.monkey.org/~provos/libevent-1.4.12-stable.tar.gz
• tar zxvf libevent-1.4.12-stable.tar.gz
• cd libevent-1.4.12-stable
• ./configure; make
• sudo make install

memcached

memcached is the daemon responsible for actually storing and retrieving arbitrary objects for your applications.

• cd /tmp; curl -O http://memcached.googlecode.com/files/memcached-1.4.1.tar.gz
• tar zxvf memcached-1.4.1.tar.gz
• cd memcached-1.4.1
• ./configure; make
• sudo make install

libmemcached

libmemcached is the shared library that will allow clients, in this case PHP, access the memcached daemon.

• Download libmemcached, move to /tmp and unpack
• cd libmemcached-0.31
• ./configure; make
• sudo make install

php extension

Now we are ready to prepare the PHP extension to memcached, which is available from pecl.

• cd /tmp; pecl download memcached
• gzip -d < memcached-1.0.0.tgz | tar -xvf -
• cd memcached-1.0.0; phpize

You should see output similar to the following:

Configuring for:
PHP Api Version: 20090626
Zend Module Api No: 20090626
Zend Extension Api No: 220090626


• ./configure; make
• sudo make install

On a successful install, you will get the following message:

Installing shared extensions: /usr/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20090626/

Modify your php.ini configuration file and make sure you have the following line included:

extension = memcached.so

You can then restart your Apache server:

• sudo apachectl restart

to make the memcached functionality available in your scripts.

References

• Compiling shared PECL extensions with phpize
• PHP: Memcached - Manual

Warning: getdate() [function.getdate]: It is not safe to rely on the system's timezone settings. You are *required* to use the date.timezone setting or the date_default_timezone_set() function. In case you used any of those methods and you are still getting this warning, you most likely misspelled the timezone identifier. We selected 'Europe/London' for 'BST/1.0/DST' instead in /Users/gscott/Sites/hello-world.php on line 9

The solution is to edit (or create, if it doesn’t exist) /private/etc/php.ini and make sure a setting exists for date.timezone. For example:

date.timezone = Europe/London

After making the change, restart Apache

sudo apachectl restart

• List of supported timezones.

The Good: Closures

Anonymous functions created with create_function have always been a bit messy. With 5.3 comes support for closures with a much cleaner syntax:

    $greet = function($name)
    {
        printf("Hello %s\r\n", $name);
    };

    $greet('World');
    $greet('PHP');

The Bad: Backwards incompatible changes

Although not a massive change from 5.2, there are enough differences to break existing code.

The Ugly: Namespaces

There has been quite a discussion about PHP’s new namespace syntax.

$c = new \my\name\MyClass;

It’s just damn ugly. The more sensible choice, :: is already used as the scope resolution operator and was therefore dismissed.

Adding additional functionality to the standard Apple-supplied PHP on Mac OS X 10.5 is a little tricky if you are running a 64 bit processor such as the Intel Core 2 Duo. The reason is that any dynamic extensions that you add will need to be 64 bit, and many shared libraries by default will compile as 32 bit binaries. Trying to use a 32 bit extension with a 64 bit PHP results in the following unfriendly error message:

PHP Warning: PHP Startup: Unable to load dynamic library './mcrypt.so' - (null) in Unknown on line 0

mcrypt is a good example of a useful extension that can be added to PHP with a little bit of effort:

• Open up your Terminal.app
• To explicitly build for 64 bit architecture export CFLAGS="-arch x86_64"
• Download libmcrypt from sourceforge http://sourceforge.net/projects/mcrypt
• Unpack the archive
• cd libmcrypt
• ./configure --disable-shared
• make
• sudo make install
• download PHP 5.2.6 source from http://www.php.net/get/php-5.2.6.tar.bz2/from/a/mirror
• unpack the archive and go into the php-5.2.6/ext/mcrypt/ dir
• phpize
• ./configure
• make
• sudo make install
• verify the extension is 64 bit: file /usr/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/mcrypt.so

/usr/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/mcrypt.so: Mach-O 64-bit bundle x86_64

To actually use the extension, you can simply create a symbolic link to it. For example:

• cd ~/Sites
• ln -s /usr/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/mcrypt.so

Example code: mcrypt.php

Drop the following code into your ~/Sites directory to verify everything is working:

    <?php

    if ( ! extension_loaded('mcrypt') ) {
        dl('mcrypt.so');
    }

    $key   = "this is a secret key";
    $input = "Let us meet at 9 o'clock at the secret place.";

    $td = mcrypt_module_open('tripledes', '', 'ecb', '');
    $iv = mcrypt_create_iv(mcrypt_enc_get_iv_size($td), MCRYPT_RAND);
    mcrypt_generic_init($td, $key, $iv);
    $encrypted_data = mcrypt_generic($td, $input);
    mcrypt_generic_deinit($td);
    mcrypt_module_close($td);

    print_r($encrypted_data);

    ?>